The tensor_chain crate provides a tensor-native blockchain with semantic
consensus, Raft replication, 2PC distributed transactions, and sparse delta
encoding.
Configuration Time Per Transaction
empty_block 171 ns — block_10_txns 13.4 us 1.34 us block_100_txns 111 us 1.11 us
Operation Time Throughput
single_put 432 us 2.3K/s multi_put_10 480 us 20.8K ops/s
Count Time Throughput
10 822 us 12.2K/s 100 21.5 ms 4.7K/s 1000 1.6 s 607/s
Operation Time Notes
conflict_detection_pair 279 ns Hybrid cosine + Jaccard cosine_similarity 187 ns Sparse vector merge_pair 448 ns Orthogonal merge merge_all_10 632 ns Batch merge find_merge_order_10 9 us Optimal ordering
Operation Time Notes
global_quantize_128d 854 ns State validation global_compute_residual 925 ns Delta compression global_is_valid_state 1.28 us State machine check local_quantize_128d 145 ns EMA-adaptive local_quantize_and_update 177 ns With EMA update manager_quantize_128d 1.2 us Full pipeline
Operation Time Improvement
cosine_similarity_128d 196 ns 35% faster add_128d 975 ns 44% faster scale_128d 163 ns 35% faster weighted_average_128d 982 ns 26% faster overlaps_with 8.4 ns 35% faster cosine_similarity_768d 1.96 us 10% faster add_768d 2.6 us 27% faster
Operation Time Improvement
get_block_by_height 1.19 us 38% faster get_tip 1.06 us 45% faster get_genesis 852 ns 53% faster height 0.87 ns 50% faster tip_hash 11.4 ns 32% faster history_key 163 us 15% faster verify_chain_100_blocks 276 us —
Operation Time Improvement
iterate_50_blocks 88 us 10% faster get_blocks_range_0_25 35 us 27% faster
Configuration Time
100 vectors, 8 clusters 123 us 1000 vectors, 16 clusters 8.4 ms
Sparsity Time Throughput vs Dense
10% (dense) 389 us 3.1M pairs/s 1x 50% 261 us 4.6M pairs/s 1.5x 90% 57 us 21.5M pairs/s 6.8x 99% 23 us 52.3M pairs/s 16.9x
Operation Sparse Time Improvement
cosine_similarity 16.5 ns 76% faster angular_distance 28.5 ns 64% faster jaccard_index 10.4 ns 58% faster euclidean_distance 13.6 ns 71% faster overlapping_keys 89 ns 45% faster add 688 ns 19% faster weighted_average 674 ns 12% faster project_orthogonal 624 ns 42% faster detect_conflict_full 53 ns 33% faster
Dimension Cosine Time Batch Detect (20 deltas) Improvement
128d 10.3 ns 8.9 us 57% faster 256d 19 ns 9.5 us 55% faster 512d 41 ns 17.2 us 49-75% faster 768d 62.5 ns 24 us 55-77% faster
Measurement of actual delta sparsity for different transaction patterns (128d
embeddings):
Pattern Avg NNZ Sparsity Estimated Speedup
Single Key Update 4.0 96.9% ~10x Multi-Field Update 11.3 91.2% ~3x New Record Insert 29.5 77.0% ~1x Counter Increment 1.0 99.2% ~10x Bulk Migration 59.5 53.5% ~1x Graph Edge 7.0 94.5% ~3x
Realistic Workload Mix (70% single-key, 20% multi-field, 10% other):
Average NNZ: 7.1 / 128 dimensions
Average Sparsity: 94.5%
Expected speedup: 3-10x for typical workloads
Sparse advantage : Real transaction deltas are 90-99% sparse, providing
3-10x speedupHybrid conflict detection : Cosine + Jaccard catches both angular and
structural conflictsMemory savings : Sparse DeltaVector uses 8-32x less memory than dense for
typical deltasNetwork bandwidth : Sparse serialization reduces replication bandwidth by
8-10xHigh dimension scaling : Benefits increase with dimension (768d: 4-5x
faster than dense)Common operations optimized : Single-key updates (most common) are 96.9%
sparse
Operation Time Throughput
raft_node_create 545 ns 1.8M/sec raft_become_leader 195 ns 5.1M/sec raft_heartbeat_stats_snapshot 4.2 ns 238M/sec raft_log_length 3.7 ns 270M/sec raft_stats_snapshot 416 ps 2.4B/sec
Operation Time Throughput
lock_manager_acquire 256 ns 3.9M/sec lock_manager_release 139 ns 7.2M/sec lock_manager_is_locked 31 ns 32M/sec coordinator_create 46 ns 21.7M/sec coordinator_stats 418 ps 2.4B/sec participant_create 11 ns 91M/sec
Operation Time Throughput
lww_state_create 4.2 ns 238M/sec lww_state_merge 169 ns 5.9M/sec gossip_node_state_create 16 ns 62M/sec gossip_message_serialize 36 ns 28M/sec gossip_message_deserialize 81 ns 12M/sec
Operation Time Throughput
snapshot_metadata_create 131 ns 7.6M/sec snapshot_metadata_serialize 76 ns 13M/sec snapshot_metadata_deserialize 246 ns 4.1M/sec raft_membership_config_create 102 ns 9.8M/sec raft_with_store_create 948 ns 1.1M/sec
Operation Time Throughput
membership_manager_create 526 ns 1.9M/sec membership_view 152 ns 6.6M/sec membership_partition_status 19 ns 52M/sec membership_node_status 46 ns 21.7M/sec membership_stats_snapshot 2.9 ns 344M/sec membership_peer_ids 71 ns 14M/sec
Operation Time Throughput
wait_graph_add_edge 372 ns 2.7M/sec wait_graph_detect_no_cycle 374 ns 2.7M/sec wait_graph_detect_with_cycle 302 ns 3.3M/sec deadlock_detector_detect 392 ns 2.6M/sec
Lock operations are fast : Lock acquisition at 256ns and lock checks at
31ns support high-throughput 2PCGossip is lightweight : State creation <5ns, merges ~169ns - suitable for
high-frequency protocol roundsStats access is near-free : Sub-nanosecond stats snapshots (416ps) mean
monitoring adds no overheadDeadlock detection is efficient : Cycle detection in ~300-400ns allows
frequent checks without blockingNode/manager creation is slower (500-950ns) - expected for initialization
with data structuresSnapshot deserialization at 246ns is acceptable for fast recovery